A RELIGIÃO NA ENCÍCLICA RERUM NOVARUM: UMA ANÁLISE SOB A ÓTICA DA DIVISÃO DURKHEIMIANA DO TRABALHO SOCIAL

Abstract

This dissertation aims to investigate the transformation of the political understanding of the Catholic religion, through the encyclical Rerum Novarum, starting from the historical-political-economic context of the end of the 19th century from the perspective of the division of social work, a book written and published by sociologist Émile Durkheim said objective also establishes the theoretical framework. As for the thematic framework, this is expressed by the importance that the theme of work is dedicated to the author, who draws on the studies explained here in other research of the genre, as well as teaching such a subject in undergraduate courses. Through this, it is established as the problem to be investigated: what is the relationship between the understanding of the Catholic Church, through its social doctrine, and Emile Durkheim's conception of work and its destination, according to her work “Da Division of Social Work ”. To this end, this research was divided into three chapters: the first, dealing with the Encyclical Rerum Novarum, based on the factual-historical elements of the time, also analyzing what the aforementioned exposes about the work; in the second chapter, an analytical study of Durkheim's work set out in the problem, establishing the types of societies identified by him and their connection with work, is established; in the third chapter, there is a correlation between elements of the studied encyclical and Durkheim's norm, on the epistemological and, mainly, teleological character, in which one seeks to unveil the true position of the Church at the time of the elaboration of the Rerum Novarum. In line with the ideas exposed in the aforementioned work, the author points out the authoritarian character of the State in remote times, mainly in societies characterized by a strong religious feeling, as at the time of the mentioned encyclical. The “collective conscience” compressed the individuals, in a real domination. Since the interests of the State were confused with the interests of the church, that is, religious, without forgetting the separation between public and private. However, as the division of labor increased, these boundaries became clearer. In modern societies, where the variation in jobs is more pronounced, individuals lack greater autonomy. Likewise, one of the essential concerns of the modern state is the effectiveness of the individual without thereby stumbling over the selfishness expressed by the utilitarians. That said, it was necessary to contextualize the historical and social difficulties of workers at the beginning of the great change in the concept of work in the 19th century. The present research is guided, methodologically, by the scientific observation, mainly by the apprehension of aspects and interpretations of official texts of the social doctrine of the catholic church, as well as the positioning of indoctrinators about these official documents. Likewise, based on the same methodology, studies on the Durkheimian doctrine on the social division of labor will be inferred, especially with regard to organic and mechanical solidarity.